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Design Konusunu
Araştıran , Geliştiren Akademi Yetkilisi
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DESIGN AND CONS. PHASE INSPECTIONS- English |
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Erdinç Özkara - (İnş. Müh.) |
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION PHASE INSPECTIONS
The information I have written below is based on my experience and the people I have talked. Purpose of this article is to help the new engineers at construction site and it should be known that there is nothing more tastier than a glass of tea at construction office.
Surveying of site : this is the first step of construction. Site elevations to be used for utility, parking lot, roads, landscaping and location of the building
Checking of existing utility: This is to be used for new utility design.
Checking of power supply: to be used for power design existing versus the need. (Add all the amp and times 1.2 to size your main power cable and design your panel board based on the individual items amp). Single phase is for lighting and 3 Phase is basically for industrial use (motor etc.)
Checking of water supply: to be used for water design existing versus the need. System should be checked 1.5 times the designed pressure for 4 hrs. Consumption is 250 liter per day per person.
Soil boring test: to find the characteristics of the ground to be used for foundation design
Design: design will be based on what is available and what are the needs and specifications related to the purpose of the structure. Concrete is designed for compression and rebar is designed for tension.
http://www.ee.cua.edu/~hurd/421/421lecturenotes.htm basics of design of concrete, steel and wood can be found at this address.
Building of the structure:
Site grading or backfilling: site shall be dressed as per the design, if it needs to be cut, it shall be done to the level it is designed under the surveyor’s supervision and if it needs to be backfilled as per the design, backfill material will be specified layers of fill should be checked and samples shall be taken to meet the design specifications. (for clay layer thickness is 15 cm max. and compaction 95 % . Sand cone method or nuclear density gage can be used for compaction test.)
Concrete pour: first the Location and the elevations should be verified by the surveyor. Location should be clear of loose material and reasonable leveled to receive the lean concrete. The thickness of the lean concrete should be Minimum of 10 cm and should have a leveled surface. Formwork for the foundation should be formed on lean concrete to prevent any deformation due to concrete load and wetness of the soil. Formwork should be as per drawing and with good supports to overcome the concrete load. It should be checked for alignment and plumpness and should be free of any debris, and oiled to give the poured concrete a smooth surface. Rebar should be tied as per design and should be free of rust or oil spills which will prevent a good bondage between rebar and concrete. After rebar placement with good ties to each other, the place should be checked for cleanness to ok for concrete pouring. Concrete should be as designed and should be checked for batch time, pour time and class which is specified. If the class is as per design and it is less the 90 minutes since the batch time it should be poured. Vibrator should be used for good placement of the concrete for a right amount of time to not to cause separation of the mix design. Concrete should be trowel finish to suit the purpose. If it is a summer time concrete should be protected and water cured for 3 days if it is winter time it should protected from cold weather not to slow down the concrete reaction. (24 hrs of heating and 3 days of protecting from cold). Concrete cover for the rebars should be 5 cm where it is in the ground and 2.5 cm where it is above the ground level. Rebar can be epoxy painted and used in concrete. Gravel from sea bed can be used after being washed with clean potable water in concrete. Concrete samples can be taken as cube or cylinder and if it is not specified strength is based on cylinder test.
Anchor bolts: anchor bolts should be installed as per the drawings and the threads should be protected against concrete spills and should be checked for proper embedment into the concrete. They should also be checked by the surveyor for exact locations before the pour. After the erection of the steel columns the gap should be filled with specified grout.
Backfill inside the structure: backfill material should be gravel or crushed stone to make sure there will not be any settlement due to dampness or water and should be compacted to the best efforts as possible.
Sewer lines inside the structure: before any slab is poured it should be checked for leakage to make sure there won’t be any problems after the concrete. Always design the slope to be 1 %.
Erection of steel columns and beams: erection should be done as per the drawings and safety regulations should be followed. Bolts should be checked for tightness or torque which ever is specified.
Outside and roof cladding: Material and fixations should be specified in the design and should be followed.
Floor covering: the material should be specified in design to over come the water or dampness problem due to washing the floors etc. if it is not concrete.
A/C and HEAT: a/c should be design as per needs. Pipe, power cables and ducts should be checked for insulation and proper connections. System should be designed to allow fresh air to the building and if there is a kitchen ventilation capacity should always be greater than the air received so that odor of the area does not flow inside the building.
To my best knowledge 500 btu for a/c and 400 btu for heating for square meter of the area is sufficient for design. (outside temperature is 38 C )(12000 btu is 1 ton).
Lighting: Lighting should be designed for proper lights to suit the purpose of the building.
Paint: Paint should be chosen to meet the conditions of the location. Follow the instructions on the label please if it says in door it will not work outside.
MUSTAFA SAHIN
CIVIL ENGINEER 1986
University of District of Columbia
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Design Konusunu
Araştıran , Geliştiren Akademi Yetkilisi
Kimdir? |
| |
DESIGN AND CONS. PHASE INSPECTIONS- English |
|
Erdinç Özkara - (İnş. Müh.) |
 English | Design | Yazim: 26.3.2005 | Hit : 516 BU SAYFAYI YAZDIR
Anasayfa >> ENGLISH >> DESIGN AND CONS. PHASE INSPECTIONS- English
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